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There is a wide variety of standards and methodologies for calculating the carbon footprint at international level, as is evident from the reports of the European Commission. 

CBAM, or Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, is an initiative that applies tariffs to imports based on the carbon emissions associated with the products. This mechanism seeks to prevent carbon leakage by ensuring that imported goods meet the same environmental standards as locally produced goods. 

In an increasingly environmentally conscious world, companies and organisations are looking for ways to reduce their environmental impact. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a fundamental tool for this purpose, as it allows the environmental impacts associated with a product, process or activity to be assessed throughout its entire life cycle.

As the European Union (EU) steps up its climate efforts, concerns are rising about carbon leakage, a phenomenon whereby companies move carbon-intensive production outside the EU to avoid strict climate policies. In response, the EU has implemented the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), a tool designed to put a fair price on carbon and encourage cleaner practices globally.

In recent years, renovation has become one of the main areas of focus in the field of architecture and construction. The need to extend the useful life of buildings, improve their energy efficiency and preserve existing heritage has led to a new professional and civic awareness. However, renovating a building is no easy task: it involves understanding, respecting and transforming what already exists. It is a complex operation, fraught with constraints that go far beyond pure technical execution.

A carbon footprint is defined as ‘the total greenhouse gases emitted by the direct or indirect effect of an individual, organisation, event or product’.

The regulation of light pollution and energy efficiency in outdoor lighting are key elements in reducing environmental impact and protecting the night-time environment.